Archaeologia Bibliae

Archaeologia Bibliae!

Multus Populī dicunt Biblia est falsum. "Liber mendaciī," Aliqua dicunt. Archaeologia Bibliae, tamen, Biblia vera probat. Saltem, initium in est. Huc, evidentiae Bibliam vidas.

Stela Meshae/Saxum Mōabitārum:

Mesha Stelae describitur victorias Moabitārum. Rex Meshae vicit domus Omrī(Iudea). Stela Meshae est prima extra Biblia exemplum, ubi Deus Iudeae et domus Omrī est memorant. Una duae est artificiae quod Moabites dialectum linguārum Chananaeōrum habent.

In Biblia dixit, "Porro Mesa rex Moab nutriebat pecora multa et solvebat regi Israhel centum milia agnorum et centum milia arietum cum velleribus suis cumque mortuus fuisset Ahab praevaricatus est foedus quod habebat cum rege Israhel egressus est igitur rex Ioram in die illa de Samaria et recensuit universum Israhel," (2 Reges 3:4-6, Vulgatum).

Monolithae "Kurkhī:"

Monolithae "Kurkhī" duae stelae Assyriae sunt quae in memoria regnī Ashurnasirpam habent et filius eius Shalmaneser tertius. Loquitur quoque de Iudea et rege Achab. Scriptura dixit Ahab Iudeae 10,000 Milites et currōs habet.

In Biblia dixit, "Contra hunc ascendit Salmanassar rex Assyriorum et factus est ei Osee servus reddebatque illi tributa," (2 Reges 17:3, Vulgatum).

Obeliscus Nigrus Shalmanesī Tertius:

Obeliscus Nigrus Shalmanesī Tertiī est lapis calcarius nigrus, qui est Assyriana sculptura. Sculptura loquitur Shalmaneso res fecit. Statua imagem Iehu habet, rex vetus Iudaeae.

"Et surrexit et ingressus est cubiculum at ille fudit oleum super caput eius et ait haec dicit Dominus Deus Israhel unxi te regem super populum Domini Israhel," (2 Reges 9:6).

Stela de Tel Dan

Stela de Tel Dan est valde repertum bonum. In stelo, Jehoram esse mortam dixit. Quoque, de Davido loquitur.

"Et super haec omnia percussit eum Dominus alvi languore insanabili. Cumque diei succederet dies, et temporum spatia volverentur, duorum annorum expletus est circulus: et sic longa consumptus tabe, ita ut egereret etiam viscera sua, languore pariter, et vita caruit. Mortuusque est in infirmitate pessima, et non fecit ei populus secundum morem combustionis exequias, sicut fecerat majoribus ejus," (II Paralipomenon 21:18-19, Vulgatum).

Murus Ezekiae:

In hierusalem, quidam de est invenbat. Ut Biblia dicit: "Et domos Jerusalem numerastis, et destruxistis domos ad muniendum murum," (Isaias 22:10, Vulgatum).

Sculpturae Lachum:

Lachum sculpturae sunt Assyriae sculpturae. Hae laches, quae sunt Assyrianus, de victoriam contra Iudam loquitur. Sennacherib, rex, urbes Iudae XLVI perdere dixit. Quoque, popvlos C̄C̄CL rapuit. Fortasse, hyperbole est. Hae lachum quoque de Hezeciam perdere dixit.

"Quae postquam gesta sunt, misit Sennacherib rex Assyriorum servos suos in Jerusalem (ipse enim cum universo exercitu obsidebat Lachis) ad Ezechiam regem Juda, et ad omnem populum qui erat in urbe, dicens," (II Paralipomenon 32:9 Vulgatum).

"Et factum est in quartodecimo anno regis Ezechiae, ascendit Sennacherib, rex Assyriorum, super omnes civitates Juda munitas, et cepit eas. Et misit rex Assyriorum Rabsacen de Lachis in Jerusalem, ad regem Ezechiam in manu gravi: et stetit in aquaeductu piscinae superioris in via Agri fullonis," (Isaias 36:1-2 Vulgatum).

Prismæ Sargonī:

Sargonus secundus sunt tabulae Assyriae duae in qui locutus proelia. Quoque, loquitur de Philistia, Iuda, Idumæa, et Moab. Haec textī de haec gentes ut inimicos Sargonī implicant.

"In anno quo ingressus est Thathan in Azotum, cum misisset eum Sargon (aut Sargonus), rex Assyriorum, et pugnasset contra Azotum, et cepisset eam," (Isaias 20:1 Vulgata).

Merneptah Stele:

The Merenpatah victory stele is a victory stele written by Merenapatah, the son of Ramses II (The Pharoah during the Exodus events). This stele is about the victory over a group of Libyans and their allies. However, the last 3 lines focus on a separate situation. Israel is also mentioned during this. Merenaptah describes the “waste” of Israel’s “seed”. A lot of people think that this confirms the captivity of Israel but, it’s difficult to say 100%. It certainly implies a conflict between ancient Egypt and Israel as well as a victory for the Egyptians.

Alternate theory: Exodus 1:15 refers to a time when the Pharoah has all the firstborn of Israel killed. Oftentimes, they would refer to young children as “seed”. Primitive people saw things in a different light, most agree that it was probably because of the fact that seed represents the earliest stage in a plant’s life cycle. A “waste of Israel’s seed” could be a possible reference to Exodus 1:15

“15 Then the king of Egypt told the Hebrew midwives, whose names were Shiphrah and Puah, 16 When you help the Hebrew women in childbirth, look at the child when you deliver it. If it’s a boy, kill it, but if it’s a girl, let it live" (Exodus 1:15).

Siloam Inscription:

This inscription describes the construction of the Siloam tunnel or “Hezekiah’s Tunnel.” The Bible talks about this tunnel and it also mentions a story where King Hezekiah blocks off the tunnel to prevent the assertions from laying waste to Israel. "And the rest of the events of Hezekiah and all his mighty deeds, and how he made the conduit and the pool, and he brought the water into the city, they are written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah" (2 Kings 20, 20). "And he took counsel with his officers and his mighty men to stop up the waters of the fountains that were outside the city, and they assisted him. And a large multitude gathered and stopped up all the fountains and the stream that flowed in the midst of the land, saying, "Why should the kings of Assyria come and find much water?" (2 Chronicles 32, 3–4).

Azekah Inscription:

The Azekah Inscription describes an Assyrian campaign by Sennacherib against Hezekiah(the king of Judah). It also gives hints about Kings Hezekiah’s stronghold.

"…Ashur, my lord, encouraged me and against the land of Judah I marched. In the course of my campaign, the tribute of the king(s)"

(4) "…with the might of Ashur, my lord, the province of Hezekiah of Judah like..." (5) "...the city of Azekah, his stronghold, which is between my border and the land of Judah..." (6) "like the nest of the eagle?"

(This could be a reference to 2 Kings 18:11-14.)

"11 The king of Assyria took the Israelites to Assyria as captives. He put them in Halah, along the Habor River in Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. 12 This happened because they refused to obey the Lord their God and disregarded the conditions of the promise ] he made to them. They refused to obey everything that Moses, the Lord’s servant, had commanded" (2 Kings 18:11-12).

It also mentions the Philistines, and how King Hezekiah captured them for himself.

"(11)a royal city of the Philistines (Pi-lis-ta-a-a), which Hezekiah had captured and strengthed for himself"

(This could also be a reference to 2 Kings 18)

"8 Hezekiah defeated the Philistines all the way to Gaza and the area around it. He defeated all the Philistine cities—from the smallest town to the largest city" (2 Kings 18:8).

The God “Ashur” is an ancient god that the Assyrians believed in. Interestingly enough Hezekiah did have a tower in his stronghold. (That Tower was discovered recently by a group of Israeli soldiers.) The remains of this tower were found in the biblical location, and we also have writings from Sennacherib that refer to Israel’s “strongholds” in similar locations.

Sennacherib's Annals/Taylor's Prism:

Sennacherib's Annals was a record of several conquests by king Sennacherib. In these records, we find references to Jerusalem and King Hezekiah. Most significantly we find the Assyrian account of 2 Kings 18:13-16

"13 In Hezekiah’s fourteenth year as king, King Sennacherib of Assyria attacked all the fortified cities of Judah and captured them" (2 Kings 18:13).

And on Sennacherib's prism, he says this about Hezekiah:

"As for the king of Judah, Hezekiah, who had not submitted to my authority, I besieged and captured forty-six of his fortified cities, along with many smaller towns, taken in battle with my battering rams. ... I took as plunder 200,150 people, both small and great, male and female, along with a great number of animals including horses, mules, donkeys, camels, oxen, and sheep. As for Hezekiah, I shut him up like a caged bird in his royal city of Jerusalem. I then constructed a series of fortresses around him, and I did not allow anyone to come out of the city gates. His towns which I captured I gave to the kings of Ashod, Ekron, and Gaza."

It's worth noting that not a single time does Sennacherib claim to capture Jerusalem. His story ends off with Israel seemingly on the cusp of defeat, but this boastful king did not want to include that? This is the same king who wrote The Azekah Inscription, where historians (mostly) conclude that he exaggerated the number of people he took captive. This is significant because according to 2 kings 19:6-7 and 19:35-37.

“6 Isaiah answered them, “Say this to your master, ‘This is what the Lord says: Don’t be afraid of the message that you heard when the Assyrian king’s assistants slandered me. 7 I’m going to put a spirit in him so that he will hear a rumor and return to his own country. I’ll have him assassinated in his own country ” (2 Kings 19:6-7).

This is part of a prophecy also found in Isaiah 37.

"35 It happened that night. The Lord’s angel went out and killed 185,000 soldiers in the Assyrian camp. When the Judeans got up early in the morning, they saw all the corpses. 36 Then King Sennacherib of Assyria left. He went home to Nineveh and stayed there. 37 While he was worshiping in the temple of his god Nisroch, Adrammelech and Sharezer assassinated him and escaped to the land of Ararat. His son Esarhaddon succeeded him as king. (2 Kings 19:35-37).

This is a known historical fact, it is called the Assyrian siege of Jerusalem. Sennacherib besieged Jerusalem, but failed to capture it— it is the only city mentioned as being besieged on Sennacherib's Stele, of which the capture is not mentioned. The Assyrian version of this does not mention the mass casualties that the Bible does, but it could be attributed to the same reason this King claimed to have taken captive more people than resided in Israel too.

LMLK Seals:

LMLK stands for the Hebrew letters, “lamedh mem lamedh kaph” (למלך). It can be translated as: "belonging to the king". These were seals that were put on pottery during King Hezekiah’s Reign. Historians are still unsure what these seals were used for. They have a few theories, but the most significant one is that the LMLK seals were military rations that were collected as an emergency during a short period preceding the Assyrian invasion by Sennacherib.

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